WebAssembly in the browser

WebAssembly was originally invented as a technology solution to speed up code execution inside web browsers. It does not provide a full replacement for JavaScript, but rather works side-by-side with JavaScript. The idea is that JavaScript functions could pass computationally intensive tasks to WebAssembly functions. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how a simple WebAssembly in-browser application works.

A WebAssembly application typically has two parts.

• The bytecode program that runs inside the WebAssembly virtual machine. This program is compiled from high level languages such as Rust, TypeScript, and Go. So far, Rust provides the most comprehensive tooling support for WebAssembly, and hence it is the most widely used language for WebAssembly modules.

• The host application that provides UI, networking, database, and calls the WebAssembly program to perform key computing tasks or business logic. In the web browser setting, the host is the browser itself.

In this tutorial, the host application is written in JavaScript and runs inside a web browser. The source code of the tutorial is here. The WebAssembly bytecode program is written in Rust. Now, let’s check out the Rust program.

The lightweight WebAssembly virtual machine only supports very limited numeric data types. The host application, on the other hand, probably needs to handle complex data types. One such complex data type is the string. The string is complicated because it contains data of unknown size and of unknown structure (i.e., encoding). The host application cannot directly pass string data to and from WebAssembly. It must convert string values to and from numeric values and arrays. You can read more about it here.

Setup

The important development tool we introduce in this tutorial is the wasm-pack. It compiles Rust source code into a WebAssembly bytecode program, and then generates a JavaScript module that can interact with the WebAssembly program. The generated code takes care of input / output data encoding and management. This makes it much easier for JavaScript developer to call WebAssembly functions. Follow the steps below to install Rust and the wasm-pack tool.

# Install Rust
​
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get -y upgrade
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
$ source $HOME/.cargo/env

# Install wasm-pack tools
​
$ curl https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/init.sh -sSf | sh

WebAssembly program in Rust

In this example, our Rust program appends the input string after “hello”. Let’s create a new cargo project. Since this program is intended to be called from a host application, not to run as a stand-alone executable, we will create a hello project.

$ cargo new --lib hello
$ cd hello

Edit the Cargo.toml file to add a [lib] section. It tells the compiler where to find the source code for the library and how to generate the bytecode output. We also need to add a dependency of wasm-bindgen here. It is the utility wasm-pack uses to generate the JavaScript binding for the Rust WebAssembly program.

[lib]
name = "hello_lib"
path = "src/lib.rs"
crate-type =["cdylib"]
​
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "0.2.50"

Below is the content of the Rust program src/lib.rs. You can actually define multiple external functions in this library file, and all of them will be available to the host JavaScript app via WebAssembly. The #[wasm_bindgen] tag instructs the build tools to generate communication interfaces both in Rust / WebAssembly and in the JavaScript module.

use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn say(s: String) -> String {
  let r = String::from("hello ");
  return r + &s;
}

Next, you can compile the Rust source code into WebAssembly bytecode and generate the accompanying JavaScript module.

$ wasm-pack build --target web

The results are the following two files. the .wasm file is the WebAssembly bytecode program, and the .js file is the JavaScript module.

pkg/hello_lib_bg.wasm
pkg/hello_lib.js

The JavaScript host

Let’s switch back to the JavaScript host application. With the generated hello_lib.js module, it is very easy to write JavaScript to call WebAssembly functions. After the import, the WebAssembly say() function now becomes a JavaScript function with the same name. The complete web page source file is here.

<script type="module">
  import init, { say } from './hello_lib.js';
  async function run() {
    await init();
    var buttonOne = document.getElementById('buttonOne');
    buttonOne.addEventListener('click', function() {
      var input = $("#nameInput").val();
      alert(say(input));
    }, false);
  }
  run();
</script>

The hello_lib_bg.wasm program is loaded by the hello_lib.js module. Put this HTML file and the hello_lib.js and hello_lib_bg.wasm files on a web server and you can now access the web page to “say hello” to any name you enter on the page.

What’s next?

So far, we have seen how to access WebAssembly programs from JavaScript hosted in browsers. But as you know, we believe that WebAssembly’s real potential is on the server-side.