Getting started

High-performance Rust + JavaScript hybrid apps in Node.js
There are great use cases for WebAssembly on the server-side, especially for AI, blockchain, and big data applications. In this tutorial, I will show you how to incorporate WebAssembly functions, written in Rust, into Node.js applications on the server. The Rust + Node.js hybrid apps combine Rust's performance, WebAssembly's security and portability, and JavaScript's ease-of-use. A typical Rust + Node.js hybrid app works like this.
The host application is a Node.js web application written in JavaScript. It makes WebAssembly function calls.
The WebAssembly bytecode program is written in Rust. It runs inside the SSVM, and is called from the Node.js web application.
The source code of the tutorial is here. If you just want to try it out, you can fork this repository and use the VSCode IDE to open it.
Setup
We use the Second State Virtual Machine (SSVM) , an open source WebAssembly runtime optimized for server-side applications, together with Node.js.
First, let's install Rust and Node.js. If you have already done it, you can skip these steps.
# Prerequisite
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt install -y build-essential curl wget git vim libboost-all-dev
​
# Install rust
$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
$ source $HOME/.cargo/env
​
# Install nvm
$ curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.35.3/install.sh | bash
# Follow the on-screen instructions to logout and then log in
​
# Install node
$ nvm install v10.19.0
$ nvm use v10.19.0
The ssvmup npm module installs the Second State Virtual Machine (SSVM) into Node.js as a native addon, and provides the necessary compiler tools. Follow the steps below to install Rust and the ssvmup tool.
# Install ssvmup toolchain
$ npm install -g ssvmup # Append --unsafe-perm if permission denied
​
# Install the nodejs addon for SSVM
$ npm install ssvm
WebAssembly program in Rust
In this example, our Rust program appends the input string after “hello”. Let’s create a new cargo project. Since this program is intended to be called from a host application, not to run as a stand-alone executable, we will create a hello project.
$ cargo new --lib hello
$ cd hello
Edit the Cargo.toml file to add a [lib] section. It tells the compiler where to find the source code for the library and how to generate the bytecode output. We also need to add a dependency of wasm-bindgen here. It is the utility ssvmup uses to generate the JavaScript binding for the Rust WebAssembly program.
[lib]
name = "hello_lib"
path = "src/lib.rs"
crate-type =["cdylib"]
​
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "=0.2.61"
Below is the content of the Rust program src/lib.rs. You can actually define multiple external functions in this library file, and all of them will be available to the host JaveScript app via WebAssembly.
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn say(s: String) -> String {
  let r = String::from("hello ");
  return r + &s;
}
Next, you can compile the Rust source code into WebAssembly bytecode and generate the accompanying JavaScript module for the Node.js host environment.
$ ssvmup build --nowasi
The result are files in the pkg/ directory. the .wasm file is the WebAssembly bytecode program, and the .js files are for the JavaScript module.
The Node.js host application
Next, go to the node folder and examine the JavaScript program app.js. With the generated hello_lib.js module, it is very easy to write JavaScript to call WebAssembly functions. Below is the node application app.js. It simply imports the say() function from the generated module. The node application takes the name parameter from incoming an HTTP GET request, and responds with “hello name”.
const { say } = require('../pkg/hello_lib.js');
​
const http = require('http');
const url = require('url');
const hostname = '127.0.0.1';
const port = 8080;
​
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  const queryObject = url.parse(req.url,true).query;
  res.statusCode = 200;
  res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
  res.end(say(queryObject['name']));
});
​
server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
  console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`);
});
Start the Node.js application server as follows.
$ node app.js
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8080/
Then, you can test it.
$ curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/?name=Wasm
hello Wasm
More complex examples
Besides passing string values between Rust and JavaScript, the ssvmup tool supports the following data types.
Rust call parameters can be any combo of i32, String, &str, Vec<u8>, and &[u8]
Return value can be i32 or String or Vec<u8>
For complex data types, such as structs, you could use JSON strings to pass data. 
With JSON support, you can call Rust functions with any number of input parameters and return any number of return values of any type.
The Rust program src/lib.rs in the functions example demonstrates  how to pass in call arguments in various supported types, and return values.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn obfusticate(s: String) -> String {
  (&s).chars().map(|c| {
    match c {
      'A' ..= 'M' | 'a' ..= 'm' => ((c as u8) + 13) as char,
      'N' ..= 'Z' | 'n' ..= 'z' => ((c as u8) - 13) as char,
      _ => c
    }
  }).collect()
}
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn lowest_common_denominator(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
  let r = lcm(a, b);
  return r;
}
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn sha3_digest(v: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
  return Sha3_256::digest(&v).as_slice().to_vec();
}
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn keccak_digest(s: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
  return Keccak256::digest(s).as_slice().to_vec();
}
Perhaps the most interesting is the create_line() function. It takes two JSON strings, each representing a Point struct, and returns a JSON string representing a Line struct. Notice that both the Point and Line structs are annotated with Serialize and Deserialize so that the Rust compiler automatically generates necessary code to support their conversion to and from JSON strings.
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
​
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Point {
  x: f32, 
  y: f32
}
​
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Line {
  points: Vec<Point>,
  valid: bool,
  length: f32,
  desc: String
}
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn create_line (p1: &str, p2: &str, desc: &str) -> String {
  let point1: Point = serde_json::from_str(p1).unwrap();
  let point2: Point = serde_json::from_str(p2).unwrap();
  let length = ((point1.x - point2.x) * (point1.x - point2.x) + (point1.y - point2.y) * (point1.y - point2.y)).sqrt();
​
  let valid = if length == 0.0 { false } else { true };
  let line = Line { points: vec![point1, point2], valid: valid, length: length, desc: desc.to_string() };
  return serde_json::to_string(&line).unwrap();
}
​
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn say(s: &str) -> String {
  let r = String::from("hello ");
  return r + s;
}
Next, let's examine the JavaScript program app.js. It shows how to call the Rust functions. As you can see String and &str are simply strings in JavaScript, i32 are numbers, and Vec<u8> or &[8] are JavaScript Uint8Array. JavaScript objects need to go through JSON.stringify() or JSON.parse() before being passed into or returned from Rust functions.
const { say, obfusticate, lowest_common_denominator, sha3_digest, keccak_digest, create_line } = require('./functions_lib.js');
​
var util = require('util');
const encoder = new util.TextEncoder();
console.hex = (d) => console.log((Object(d).buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer ? new Uint8Array(d.buffer) : typeof d === 'string' ? (new util.TextEncoder('utf-8')).encode(d) : new Uint8ClampedArray(d)).reduce((p, c, i, a) => p + (i % 16 === 0 ? i.toString(16).padStart(6, 0) + '  ' : ' ') + c.toString(16).padStart(2, 0) + (i === a.length - 1 || i % 16 === 15 ?  ' '.repeat((15 - i % 16) * 3) + Array.from(a).splice(i - i % 16, 16).reduce((r, v) => r + (v > 31 && v < 127 || v > 159 ? String.fromCharCode(v) : '.'), '  ') + '\n' : ''), ''));
​
console.log( say("SSVM") );
console.log( obfusticate("A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") );
console.log( lowest_common_denominator(123, 2) );
console.hex( sha3_digest(encoder.encode("This is an important message")) );
console.hex( keccak_digest(encoder.encode("This is an important message")) );
​
var p1 = {x:1.5, y:3.8};
var p2 = {x:2.5, y:5.8};
var line = JSON.parse(create_line(JSON.stringify(p1), JSON.stringify(p2), "A thin red line"));
console.log( line );
After running ssvmup to build the Rust library, running app.js in Node.js environment produces the following output.
$ ssvmup build
... Building the wasm file and JS shim file in pkg/ ...
​
$ node app.js
hello SSVM
N dhvpx oebja sbk whzcf bire gur ynml qbt
246
000000  57 1b e7 d1 bd 69 fb 31 9f 0a d3 fa 0f 9f 9a b5  W.çÑ½iû1..Óú...µ
000010  2b da 1a 8d 38 c7 19 2d 3c 0a 14 a3 36 d3 c3 cb  +Ú..8Ç.-<..£6ÓÃË
​
000000  7e c2 f1 c8 97 74 e3 21 d8 63 9f 16 6b 03 b1 a9  ~ÂñÈ.tã!Øc..k.±©
000010  d8 bf 72 9c ae c1 20 9f f6 e4 f5 85 34 4b 37 1b  Ø¿r.®Á .öäõ.4K7.
​
{ points: [ { x: 1.5, y: 3.8 }, { x: 2.5, y: 5.8 } ],
  valid: true,
  length: 2.2360682,
  desc: 'A thin red line' }
What’s next?
Now we have seen a very simple example to call a Rust function from JavaScript in a Node.js application. In the next article, we will discuss how to pass arbitrary arguments from a JavaScript program to Rust.
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